![]() ![]() Okay, but why can’t I use str for strings? (Detailed problem description) are different ways of serializing (encoding) your text. You can think of Unicode objects as storing abstract, Platonic representations of text, while ASCII, UTF-8, UTF-16, etc. It isn’t encoded or represented by any particular sequence of bytes. By contrast, an object of type is just that - a Unicode object. The difference is that the UTF-8 encoding can represent every Unicode character, while the ASCII encoding can’t. UTF-8 is an encoding, just like ASCII (more on encodings below), which is represented with bytes. UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32 are serialization formats - NOT Unicode There are some other good practices which I’ll discuss below. The second step toward solving your problem is to start using type as your go-to container for strings.įor starters, that means using the “u” prefix for literals, which will create objects of type rather than regular quotes, which will create objects of type (don’t bother with the docstrings you’ll rarely have to manipulate them yourself, which is where problems usually happen). Every time you see ‘abc’, “abc”, or “””abc”””, say to yourself “That’s a sequence of 3 bytes corresponding to the ASCII codes for the letters a, b, and c” (technically, it’s UTF-8, but ASCII and UTF-8 are the same for Latin letters. To get yourself started, take a look at the string literals in your code. Objects of type are in fact perfectly happy to store arbitrary byte sequences. Instead, start thinking of type as a container for bytes. The first step toward solving your Unicode problem is to stop thinking of type as storing strings (that is, sequences of human-readable characters, a.k.a. If you’ve just run into the Python 2 Unicode brick wall, here are three steps you can take to start thinking about strings and Unicode the right way: 1. ![]() This prevents many people from ever having to learn what’s really going on, until suddenly they run into a brick wall when they want to handle data that contains characters outside the ASCII character set. The main reasons Unicode handling is difficult in Python is because the existing terminology is confusing, and because many cases which could be problematic are handled transparently. ![]() If you’re reading this, you’re probably in the middle of discovering this the hard way. One of the toughest things to get right in a Python program is Unicode handling. UnicodeDecodeError: ‘ascii’ codec can’t decode byte 0xd1 in position 1: ordinal not in range(128) (Why is this so hard?) ![]()
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